മറുപടി ലേഘനം (൨൦൦൯ ജാനുവരി)

P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ ImesØ AbnØ I¬]-\-Iƒ
\nkm¿. sI -
_PvdwKZƒ. inh-tk\ XpSﾟn ASp-ﾘ-Im-ew-hsc -am-[y-a-ﾟ-fnｬ IqSn-am{Xw \Ωƒ Adn-™p-sIm-
≠n-cp∂ A{ImaI lnμp-Xz-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ \ΩpsS {Kmam-･-c-ﾟsf t]mepw Iogvs]-Spﾘn sIm≠n-cn-
ｰp-Ibpw Cﾘcw hｿｧob kwL-S-\-I-fpsS hfｿｮbvｰv DX-Ipw-hn[w \ΩpsS X\Xv BtLm-jm-\pjvTm-\-
ﾟsf hsc \mw _en-I-gn-ｰm≥ X-dm-hp-Ibpw hStｰ C･y-bnepw a‰pw cmjv{So-b-ambn cq]w
sIm≠ BtLm-j-ﾟ-sfbpw A\p-jvTm-\-ﾟ-sfbpsamsｰ \mw Ccp-Iw \oｴn kzmwio-I-cn-ｮp-sIm-≠ncn-ｰ
p-Ibpw sN∂ hｿﾘ-am\ Imeﾘ,v hｿｧo-b-X-bpsS Bｰw Iqｴp∂ Cﾘcw {]h-W-X-Iƒsｰ-
Xnsc kmwkvIm-cnI Pm{K-X-bpsS sNdnb apcƒｮ t]mepw tIƒｰmﾘ CSﾘ,v auZq-Zn-b≥ kwL-S-\-
Iƒ cmjv{So-b-ﾘn-en-d-ﾟm≥ X-sd-Sp-ｰp∂p F∂-dn™ kμｿ`w, Ah-k-c-hmZ aX-\n-c-t]-j-Pm-{K-XbpsS
sskdWpw apgｰn hcp∂ laoZv tN∂aw-K-eq-cns\ XS-™p-\nｿﾘp-Ibpw ]qｿW ]cn-tim-[-
\bvｰv hnt[-b-am-ｰp-Ibpw sNt・≠-Xp-≠v. kwLv ]cn-hm-dns‚ "kv]ncn‰p' IS-ﾘp-Im-c-\m-W-tｱ-lsa∂
v \njv]-｣-amb GsXmcp ]cn-tim-[-\bvｰpw sXfn-bvｰm-\m-Ip-sa∂Xp Xs∂-bmWv hnaｿi-\-ﾟtfmSv
CS-s]-ｴp-sIm≠v Atｱlw Fgp-Xnb adp-]Sn Ipdn-Πn-s‚bpw (]ｮ-Ip-Xnc s^{_p-hcn)-D-≈-Sｰw
hn\n-abw sN-∂-Xv.
aX-]-chpw, PmXn-]-chpw , hｿｧ-]-c-hp-amb B･-cnI sshcp-≤y-ﾟƒ am{X-a√ A\-h[n B･-cnI
sshI-ey-ﾟƒ IqSn-bp≈ kaq-l-amWv C･ym-cm-Pysﾘ apkvenwIƒ. apkvenw aX˛ cmjv{Sob kwLS-\-
I-fnｬ am{X-a√ atX-Xc I｣n-I-fpsS IqsS AWn-\n-c-ｰp∂ AkwJyw apkvenwIfnepw Cu
sshcp≤yhpw sshI-eyhpw Gdnbpw Ipd™pw I≠p-h-cp∂p≠v. apkvenw kaq-l-ﾘn\Isﾘ sshIey-
ﾟ-sftbm sshcp-≤y-ﾟ-sftbm ]cn-l-cn-ｰp-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw a‰p-]-e-Xnepw Xmｬ]cyw ]q≠ apkvenw
kmap-Zm-bnI kwL-S-\-Iƒ B \neｰv hnaｿin-ｰsΠ-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. hnaｿinｰ-sΠ-Sp-∂p-ap-≠v. lao-Zns\
t]mep-≈-hsc Cﾘ-c-ﾘnｬ KpW-Imw-｣n-I-fmb hnaｿi-I-cpsS Iqｴ-ﾘnｬ DƒsΠ-Sp-ﾘp-∂-Xnｬ Nne
{]bm-k-ﾟƒ IqSn-bp-≠v. apkvenwIfpsS B･-cnI sshIr-X-ﾟsf \nc-･cw sshIm-cnI bp‡n-bnｬ
Ah-X-cn-Πn-ｰp∂p F∂-Xnｬ Ihn™v B P\-k-aqlw _mly-X-e-ﾘnｬ \n∂pw t\cn-Sp∂ A\-h[n
sh√p-hn-fn-Isf Ipdntｮm {]iv\-ﾟsf Ipdntｮm Ip‰-I-c-amb au\-a-h-ew-n-ｰp-∂Xv lao-Zns\ t]msebp-≈-
hｿ XpSｿ∂v t]mcp-∂Xv sIm≠m-W-Xv.
Pam-Asﾘ Ckvemanbp-sSbpw ]n.-F-^v.sF bpsSbpw cmjv{Sob ]mｿｴn-I-tfmSv apJy-[mcm cmjv{Sob
]mｿｴn-Iƒ Akv]riyX IｬΠn-ｰ-W-sa∂ lao-Zns‚ ap≥ teJ-\-ﾘnse ]cm-aｿi-amWv Cubp-≈-
hs‚ hnaｿi\ XqenI Nen-Πn-ｮXv F∂ lao-Zns‚ I≠-ﾘｬ ]qｿW-ambpw icn-bm-Wv. "Akv]riyX'
t]mep≈ ^yqUｬ ]Zm-h-en-Iƒ P\m-[n-]-Xy-ﾘns‚ Ime-ﾘn\v `qj-W-a-√m-ﾘXv sIm≠v Aﾘcw
]Zm-h-en-Iƒ Dt]-｣n-tｰ-≠-Xp-s≠∂v laoZv Hmｿﾘmｬ \∂v. apJy-[mcm cmjv{Sob ]mｿｴn-Iƒ auZp-
Zn-b≥ cmjv{So-b-I-｣n-I-tfmSv Akv]r-iyX IｬΠn-ｰ-W-sa∂ Xs‚ hmZ-ﾘn\v ]pXnb Nne XpSｿｮ-
Iƒ IqSn laoZv sIm≠v hcp-∂p-≠v. "\ΩpsS apJy-[mcm cmjv{Sob ]mｿｴn-Iƒ hnti-jnｮv CS-Xp-]mｿｴn-
Iƒ Bｿ. Fkn.-F-kn\pw AXns‚ cmjv{Sob {]Xn-\n-[m-\-ﾘn\pw Akv]riyX IｬΠnｮp t]mcp-
∂p≠v F∂XmWXv . \ΩpsS Xncs™SpΠv P\m-[n-]-Xy-ﾘn-s‚bpw I｣n cmjv{So-b-ﾘn-s‚bpw Ncn-
{X-a-dn-bm-hp∂ Hcmƒｰpw Cﾟn-s\-sbm-cp Is≠-ﾘｬ \S-ﾘm-\m-hp-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂n-√. hyh-m-
]nX CSXv ]mｿｴn-Iƒ DƒsΠsS Hｴp-anｰ cmjv{Sob ]mｿｴn-Ifpw H-fn™pw sXfn™pw Bｿ.-F-kv.-Fkv
{]Xn-\n-[m-\-ﾟ-fmb _n.-sP. ]nbpsSbpw a‰pw thmｴp _mｶp-Iƒ hn\n-tbm-Knｮv t]mcp-∂p-s≠∂Xv ]cky-
amb cl-ky-ﾟ-fn-sem-∂mW.v CSXv cmjv{Sob ]mｿｴn-I-tfmSv Hｴn-\n∂, t]cns‚ IqsS {_mｰ-‰nｬ
atX-X-cXzw kqNn-Πn-ｮp-t]m-cp∂ Hcp cmjv{Sob ]mｿｴn IｿWm-S-I-bnｬ _n.-sP.-]nbpw ambn tNｿ∂v
Iqｴp-a-{･n-k-`-bp-≠m-ｰn-bXpw A[n-Imcw tkm]m-\-ﾘnｬ Gsd-\mƒ Aaｿ∂ncp∂v HSp-hnｬ A[n-
Imcw ssIam‰w sNt≠ kml-N-cy-ﾘnｬ hmｰp-]m-en-ｰmsX _n.sP.]nsb hｩn-ｮXp hgn lnμp-
Xz-]mｿｴn-bmb _n.sP.]nｰv H‰bvｰv A[n-Imcw t\Sm-\p≈ kml-N-cyw D≠mｰn sImSp-ﾘXpw laoZn\v
Adn-bmsXXmhn√. Adn-™n√ F∂v \Sn-ｰp-I-bmhpw. F≥. Un.F F∂ t]cnｬ _n.sP.]nbpsS
t\Xr-Xz-ﾘnｬ Imem-h[n ]qｿﾘn-I-cnｮ ap≥ tI{μ a{･n-k-`-bnｬ F{X atX-X-c-ｰmcpw tkmjy-en-ﾃp-
Ifpw ]ｶp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xpw laoZv Adn-™n√ F∂v \Snｰp-∂-h-bpsS Iqｴ-ﾘnｬ s]Spw.
G‰hpw henb atX-Xc I｣n-bmb tImｨ{K-kns‚ Ncn-{Xhpw Cｰm-cy-ﾘnｬ Hｴpw hnip-≤-a-√.
hｿﾘ-am\ C･y-bnse G‰hpw Xo{hX Gdnb lnμpXz ]mｿｴn F∂v hnti-jn-Πn-ｰm-hp∂ inh-tk-
\sb ]meqｴn hfｿﾘn-b-Xnｬ km｣mｬ tImｨ{K-kn\v \ntj-[n-ｰm-\m-hmﾘ ]ｶp-≠v. 1966 Pqｨ 14\v
inh-tk-\-bpsS cq]n-I-cW {]Jym-]\ kZ-knｬ hnin-jvSm-XnYnbmbn-cp∂p A∂sﾘ alm-cnjv{S
tImｨ{Kkv apJy-a{･n hk･ dmhp \mbvIv . inh-tk-\-bpsS hfｿｮ-bpsS hnhn[ Lｴ-ﾟ-fn-semsｰ
\mbvIns‚ AI-a-gn™ klm-b-ﾟƒ tk\bvｰv e`n-ｮn-ｴp-s≠∂ Imcyhpw \nkvXｿｰ-amW.v alm-cmjv{
S-bnｬ am{X-a√ bp.]nbnepw KpP-dm-ﾘnepsamsｰ lnμp-Xz-ﾘns‚ hfｿｮ-bnｬ tImｨ{K-kv \bﾟƒ
Hcp {][m-\-L-SIw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. bp.]nbnse tImｨ{Kkv apJy-a-{･n-bm-bn-cp∂ ]WvUn‰v
]･v {Ia-k-am-[m\ tk\-sb- hsc kwLv]-cn-hm-dn\v Xosd-gpXn sImSp-ｰm≥ Xp\n-™-Xn\v sXfnhpIfp≠
v. cmjv{So-b -IpXnc Iｮ-h-S-ﾟ-fpsS Ncn-{X-a-dn-bp∂ GsXm-cmƒｰpw hnZq-c-a-√m-sﾘmcp `mhnbn
ｬ auZq-Zn-b≥ I｣n-Ifpw lnμp-Xzcpw GsX-ｶn-ep-samcp ]ｩm-b-ﾘn-se-ｶnepw kJyw Xoｿｰm-\n-Sbp-
s≠∂ Imcyw \ntj[n-ｰm-\m-hn-√.
auZq-Znﾃv kwL-S-\-Iƒ Xmtem-enｮv t]mcp∂ "ip≤ CkvemanI kwkvIm-c-hm-Z'-ﾘns‚ {]Xntema
hrﾘ-ﾘnｬ Cubp-≈-h≥ Id-ﾟp-∂-Xmbv laoZv Is≠-ﾘp-∂p-≠v. hmkvX-h-ﾘnｬ Fs‚ hnaｿi-
\-Ip-dn-Πnｬ aX-sa∂ \ne-ｰp≈ Ckvemans\ ]cn-K-Wn-ｮnｴp t]mepap≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Hcp kaq-l-sa∂
\ne-ｰp≈ apkvenw kzXz-ﾘns‚ Ah-m-hｿﾘ-am-\-ﾟ-fn-eq-∂n-bm-bn-cp∂p {]kvXpX hnaｿi-\-IpdnΠv.
auZq-Zn-bpsS t]cnｬ Aｮ-Snｮp h∂sXmsｰ Adn-™nｴv Atｱlw ap…ow-I-fnse tKmƒhｿｰ-d-√-
F∂v hniz-knｰmXn-cn-ｰm≥ auZq-Zn-{`aw Fs∂ sX√pw ]nSn-Iq-Sn-bn-ｴn√ F∂v lao-Zns‚ Adn-hn-teｰmbn
Ipdn-ｰsｴ. ip≤-tKmƒhｿｰ-dnkv‰pIƒ Aｩp-]-Xn-‰m-≠n-tesd Ime-ambv \ΩpsS Xnc-s™-SpΠv tKmZbn
ｬ kmam\yw hnkvXr-X-am-sbmcp {]Xn-temaaWvUew Xoｿﾘp-sIm≠v Xs∂ \ne-\n∂p t]mcpt
ｺmƒ AXns\ I≠n-s√∂v \Sn-ｰp-Ibpw auZq-Zn-IfpsS kam-[m-\-]-c-amb cmjv{Sob \oｰ-ﾟƒｰv
Akv]riyX IｬΠn-ｰp-Ibpw sN∂ lao-Zns‚ Cc-ｴ-ﾘm-Πn-s\-bmWv Rm≥ hnaｿi\ hnt[-b-am-ｰnbXv
. lnμp-Xz-kw-L-S-\-Isf laoZv hnaｿin-ｮn-ｴp-s≠-ｶnｬ AXv Pam-Asﾘ Ckveman hnaｿi-\-ﾟƒｰv
_me≥kv sN∂ ]cp-h-ﾘnｬ am{X-am-sW∂ bmYmｿ∞yw laoZn\v \ntj-[n-ｰm-\m-hptam?. Fs‚
hnaｿi-\-Ip-dn-Πnｬ D∂-bn-ｰ-sΠｴ ImX-emb ]e-{]-iv\-ﾟ-tfmSpw laoZv {]Xn-I-cn-ｮn-ｴn-s√-∂Xpw {i≤n-
ｰ-Ww. hｿｧo-bX, Bhn-jvｰmc kzmX{･yw XpS-ﾟnb hnj-b-ﾟ-fnｬ laoZv ]peｿﾘn t]mcp∂
ap≥KW-\m-{Iaw {]Xn-tem-a-I-c-am-sW-∂Xv Aﾘ-c-ﾘn-semcp hnaｿi-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ign™ \q‰m-≠ns‚
hnZq-c- Z-i-I-ﾟ-fnｬ Ft∂m auZpZn ]d-™Xv ho≠pw ho≠pw Bhｿﾘn-ｮp sIm≠v ImenI cmjv{Sob
kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ﾟsf hni-I-e\w sN-∂Xv Aev]w hｰﾘw Xs∂-bm-Wv. lnμp-au-en-I-hm-Zn-Ifpw
apkvenw aX-au-en-I-hm-Zn-Ifpw XcWw sNbvXv t]mcp-∂Xv cmjv{S-in-ev]n-I-fmb BZｿi-]p-cp-j≥amｿ
Pohn-ｮn-cp∂ Ime-ﾟ-sf-bmWv. aX-au-en-I-hm-Z-tﾘmSv Atﾟ-b‰w CS™v \n∂ Ah-scm-sｰ Cu hn`-
ﾘns\ A{X s]sｴs∂m∂pw adn-I-S-ｰm≥ Bhn√ F∂v Icp-Xn-b-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂
BZｿimfl- I P\m[- n]- X- yﾘ- ns- ‚bpw kzmX{- -･yﾘ- ns‚bpw atXX- c- X- zﾘ- ns- ‚bpw hnkvXrX- t- emI- ﾘ- nse
A\p-`-h-ﾟƒ Ahｿｰv ImWnｮv sImSp-ｰm-\m-bn-cp∂p \ΩpsS cmjv{S-in-ev]n-Iƒ {ian-ｮX.v Km‘n
auZq-Zn-ﾃp-I-tfmSv "Nncnｮp' F∂v Ahｿ ]d-bp-∂Xpw s\lvdp kzbw tkh-Isc dnΠvｪnｰv ]tc-Unｬ
AWn-tNｿﾘXpsamsｰ AXns‚ `mK-am-bn-ｴm-bn-cn-ｰWw. A√msX aX-au-en-I-hmZw t｣a-cm-jv{Sﾘn-\
p-X-Ip-sa∂v Ahｿ Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂Xv sIm≠√. \ΩpsS cmjv{Sob-tKm-]p-c-ﾟ-fnｬ ]nevｰm-eﾘv
"cmP-Ein'Iƒｰv Ccn-Πn-S-an-√msX t]mbXmWv aX-au-en-I-hm-Zn-Iƒｰv ChnsS ^e-`q-bnjvTamｰn sImSpﾘXv.
icn-bmb ap≥K-W-\m-{Iaw ]men-ｰmﾘ cmjv{So-b-hn-aｿi-Iｿｰpw kmaq-ln-I-\n-cq-]-Iｿｰpsa√mw
Cu nXn hntijw krjvSn-ｮ-Xnep≈ ]ｶv \ntj-[n-ｰm-hm-X-√.
lao-Zns‚ FXnｿΠv hｿｧo-bhpw aX-au-enI hmZ-]-chpamb ASn-m-\-ﾘnｬ kwL-Sn-ｮp-\nｬｰp∂
apkvenwIƒ cmjv{So-b-ﾘnend-ﾟp-∂-Xn-em-Ws{X. AXn-emｿｰmWp kwi-b-ap-≈-Xv. cmPy-ﾘns‚ AJWvUXbvｰ
pw _lp-kzc-Xbvｰpw hn≈ｬ Xoｿｰp-sa-∂Xv sIm≠mWv lnμp-ｰfpw, apkvenwIfpw DƒsΠ-
sS-bp≈ icm-icn P\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw kam-[m-\-Imw-｣n-Ifpw Cﾘ-c-ﾘnep≈ aX-au-enIhmZn-
I-fpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Isf sNdp-ﾘp-\n∂pt]mcp-∂-Xv. F∂mｬ lao-Zns‚ aqey-t_m[w CsXm-∂p-a√ F∂v
kwi-bn-tｰ-≠n-bn-cn-ｰp∂p. hｿｧo-b-Ifn \yq\-]｣ kapZm-b-ﾘn-s\∂t]mse `qcn-]｣ kap-Zm-bﾘn\
pw \S-ﾘm-sa∂p, Cﾟs\ kw`-hn-ｮmｬ 83 iX-am\w hcp∂ lnμp `qcn-]-｣-ﾘn\p apｺnｬ
ap…ow-Iƒｰv \ne-\nｬΠp-≠m-hn√ F∂p-amWv laoZv ]d-bp-∂-Xv. lao-Zns‚ Cu `qcn-]｣ lnμp \yq\-
]｣ apkvenw Zzμw Cﾘ-c-ﾘnｬ Ncn-{X-ﾘnｬ kwLv]-cn-hmｿam-{Xta apｺv Xmtem-enｮv t]m∂n-ｴp-≈q.
83 iX-am\w lnμp-ｰfpw PmXn, aXw, cmjv{Sobmh-t_m[w XpS-ﾟnb Imcy-ﾟ-fnsem∂pw sshhn-≤yﾟfpw
sshcp-≤y-ﾟfpw ]peｿﾘmﾘ GI-Pm-Xob `qcn-]-｣-am-sW∂ lao-Zns‚ Is≠-ﾘｬ ip≤
^mkn-k-ﾘns‚ {]tLm-j-W-a-√msX as‰-･mW.v Cu `qcn-]-｣-t_m-[hpw aX-ﾘns‚ cmjv{Sob CSs]-
S-ep-Ifpw \ΩpsS P\m-[n-]-Xy-ﾘns‚ Ncn{Xsﾘ kwLｿj `cn-X-am-ｰn-bn-ｴp≈Xns‚ IW-ｰp-Isf-
Sp-ﾘmｬ AXn-sem∂p apkvenwIƒｰp hnti-jnｮpw D]-cn-hｿｧ-apkvenwIƒｰpw auZq-Zn-ﾃp-Iƒｰpw
bmsXmcp ]ｶp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂v t_m[y-am-hpw.
aX-ﾟ-fpsS bmYm-nI apJhpw AanX sshIm-cn-I-Xbpw ]c-kv]c sshcp-≤y-ﾟ-fp≈ Bcm-[m\
{Ia-ﾟfpsamsｰ-bmWv C･y-bnse lnμp-˛-apkvenw kwLｿjﾟƒｰv]n∂nse Imc-W-ﾟ-fmbn ]etΠmgpw
{]N-cn-Πn-ｰ-sΠ-ｴn-ｴp-≈X.v Ipsd-ｰqSn apt∂mｴv t]mbmｬ kmｺ-ﾘn-Ihpw `qan-im-kv{X]chpw
P\-kw-Jym-hn-X-cW]chpamb khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv tI{μ-Im-c-W-ﾟ-sf∂ hymJym\w hsc Fﾘpw.
2002 se KpP-dmﾘv hwi-lXy t]mepw kmｺ-ﾘnI Ak-a-Xz-ﾟ-fpsS ]cn-Wn-Xn-bm-sW∂v \nｿh-Nnｮv
aX kｶｿj-ﾟƒｰpw ]n∂nse lo\-cm-jv{Sob ]ｶm-fn-ﾘsﾘ eLp-I-cn-ｰm-\p≈ {ia-ﾟƒ \S-ｰp-
I-bp-≠mbn. P\m-[n-]Xy C･y-bnse lnμp-apkvenw Iem-]-ﾟ-sfbpw kwLｿj-ﾟ-sfbpw Aｰm-Z-anI
]T-\-ﾟƒｰv hnt[-b-am-ｰnb ]ecpw Cu kmam\y [mc-W-sbbpw Iem-]sﾘbpw aX-kw-Lｿj-ﾟsfbpw
kw_-‘nｮ BI-kvanIXmkn-≤msﾘtﾘbpw \ntj-[n-ｰp-Ibpw Iem-]-\nｿΩmW {]{In-bbnse
cmjv{Sob ]≤XnIsf kaｿ∞ambn Xpd∂v ImWn-ｰp-Ibpw sNbvXn-ｴp-≠v.
\mｬ]Xphｿj-tﾘmfw C･y-bnse lnμp˛ apkvenw kwLｿj-ﾟsf Ipdnｮv ]T\w \S-ﾘp-Ibpw
Cu hnj-b-ﾘnｬ B[n-Im-cn-I-amb ]Xn-\m-tdmfw ]pkvX-I-ﾟƒ Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvX t]mƒ Bｿ
{_mkv (Professor emerates of political science- University of Washington) P\m-[n-]Xy C･y-bnse hｿKob
kwLｿj-ﾟ-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-bmbv m]\ hｬIrX Iem-]-hy-h (Institutionalised riot system)
F∂ kw⁄sb Xs∂ ]cn-N-b-sΠ-Sp-ﾘp-∂p≠v. XnI™ Bkq-{XWtﾘmsS `c-WIqS m]-\-
ﾟ-fp-sSbpw am[y-a-ﾟ-fp-sSbpw hsc ]ｶm-fn-Xz-tﾘmSp IqSn Iem-]-ﾟƒ \nｿΩn-sｮ-Sp-ｰp∂ {]{In-bsb-
bmWv {_mkv DƒsΠ-sS-bp-≈-hｿ Cu kw⁄bn-eqsS hni-Zo-I-cn-ｰp-∂-Xv. Xnc-s™-Sp-Πp-Iƒｰv
apt∂m-Sn-bm-bntｴm at‰-sX-ｶnepw Xc-ﾘnｬ cmjv{Sob ]mｿｴn-I-fpsS hnti-jnｮpw lnμp-Xz-cm-jv{Sob
]mｿｴn-I-fpsS {]hｿﾘ-\-ﾟsf klm-bnｰpw hn[-ﾘntem BWv C･y-bnse {]am-Z-amb Iem-]-ﾟ-sf-
{Xbpw \S-∂n-ｴp-≈Xv F∂v {_mkv i‡-ambn Xs∂ hmZn-ｰp-∂p-≠v. (Production of Hindu-Muslim
violence in condumporory india ). "-cm-jv{Sob a’-c-ﾟ-fpsS mbo-b-X-bnｬ hwiob/ aX-`q-cn-]-｣sﾘ
GIo-I-cn-ｰmsa∂ Nne {]tXyI cmjv{Sob ]mｿｴn-I-fpsS (hy-Xy lnμp-Xz-]mｿｴn-I-fpsS ) hnizm-kamWv
B[p-\nI C･y-bnse kwLｿj-ﾟ-fp-sSbpw Iem-]-ﾟ-fp-sSbpw ASn-m-\-sa∂
hnｬIn≥ﾃｨs‚ \ocn-｣Ww Ipsd-IqSn kml-Ncyw hy‡-am-ｰm-\p-X-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.
`qcn-]-｣-P-\m-[n-]Xy hyh-n-Xn-bnｬ hwiob / aX `qcn-]-｣sﾘ tZio-b-ambn GIo-I-cn-ｰphm≥
C･y-bnse lnμp `qcn-]-｣hmZ lnμpXz ]mｿｴn-Iƒｰv ap∂nｬ cmPysﾘ apkvenwIsf√mw Hcp
t]mse i{Xp-ｰfm-sW∂ Imcy-amWv laoZv ImWmsX t]mhp-∂X.v auZqZn hN-\-ﾟsf Bthmfw
Bhｿﾘn-ｰp∂ laoZv Hcn-ｰｬ t]mepw Pam-Asﾘ CkvemanbpsS {]hｿﾘ-\-w lnμp-Xz-cp-tSXv
t]mse B{Im-a-IamsW-∂-Xn\v {]tbm-Kn-Im-\p-`-h-ﾘnｬ \n∂pw sXfn-hp-I-fp-≤-cn-ｰm-\m-hmsX hnjan-ｰ
p-∂Xv kwLｿj-ﾟ-fpsS icn-bmb cmjv{Sobw a\- n-em-ｰm≥ {ian-ｰm-ﾘ-Xp-sIm≠p IqSn-bm-Wv.
`qcn-]｣ P\m-[n-]-Xy-hy-h-nXnbnｬ , _lp-`q-cn-]｣w apkvenwIfpw aX-am-{X-hm-Zn-I-sf-√mﾘ
Hcp en-I-bnｬ auZq-Zn-ﾃpIƒ cmjv{So-b-ﾘn-te-ｰn-d-ﾟp-∂Xv lnwkm-fl-I-am-bn-ｴm-bn-cn-ｰn√ F∂Xv
Duln-ｰm-hp-∂-tX-bp≈p. lnwkm-fl-I-X-bpsS ]mX-bmWv Ahｿ Xnc-s™-Sp-ｰp-∂-sX-ｶnｬ kwi-ban√
auZq-Zn-b≥ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-ﾘns‚ Bbp-s ﾆm≥ ]ns∂ ssIhn-c-ep-Iƒ t]mepw Bh-iy-am-bncn-ｰ
n-√.
\yq\-]｣ hｿｧo-b-Xbpw `qcn-]-｣-hｿｧo-b-Xbpw ka-am-sW∂v Gsd-Imew hnfw-cw sNbvXp-t]m-
∂n-cp∂ laoZv tN∂-aw-K-eqｿ CtΠm-gnXm \yq\-]｣ aX-au-en-I-hm-Zhpw `qcn-]-｣-a-X-au-en-IhmZhpw
XΩnｬ sshcp-≤ym-flI _‘-am-sW-∂p-≈-sX∂v Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-ｰp-∂p. kaq-l-ﾘnｬ A]-ISw hnX-ｮ-
Xn-s‚bpw hnX-ｰm-\p≈ tijn-sbbpw IqSn IW-ｰn-se-Sp-ｰp-tｺmƒ sshcp≤yw Ipsdtｮm∂p-a√ D≈-
sXt∂ AXn-t\mSv Iqｴn tNｿtｰ-≠-Xm-bn-ｴp-≈q.
"lnμp-Xz-hm-Zn-Isf am{Xw hnaｿin-ｰp-∂-hｿ apkvenw aX-au-en-I-hm-Zn-Iƒｰv {]nb-ｶ-c-amWv . lnμp-
Xz-hm-Zn-Isfsb∂-t]mse CkvemanﾃpIsf IqSn h√-hcpw hnaｿin-ｮmｬ Ahsc apkvenw ^≠-sa‚-
en-ﾃp-Iƒ i{Xp-]-｣sﾘ \nｿﾘp F∂ lao-Zns‚ ho｣Ww \qdpiX-am-\hpw icn Xs∂. AXn\p
\nc-h[n DZm-l-c-W-ﾟfpap≠v . ChnsS laoZv Cu s]mXp \nbaw Bhｿﾘn-ｰp-∂Xv {]hoｨ kzmansb
\oXn-I-cn-ｰm-\mWv. {]hoｨkzm-ansb i{Xp-]-｣ﾘv \ne-\nｿﾘnbXv apkvenw aX-au-en-I-hm-Zn-I-f√
F∂-XmWp hmkvXhw. Np‰nepw \S-ｰp∂Xnt\m-sSmsｰ a\p-jy-Xz-]-c-amb kao-]\w ]peｿﾘp-∂-hcmWv.
tbmKo-μｿ knIμv apXｬ Acp-‘Xn tdmbv hsc-bp-≈-hｿ {]hoｨ kzmansb kmam\yw ISp-ﾘ-
`m-j-bnｬ Xs∂ hnaｿin-ｮn-ｴp≠v F∂-dn-bpI. atX-X-c-]-｣ﾘv \ne-bp-d-Πnｮ Uｬln-bnse Cw•ojv
]{X-{]-hｿﾘ-Icnｬ ]e-cpw {]{X-{]-hｿﾘ-\-^m-kn-k-ﾘns‚ (Journalistic Fascism) Iﾆn-bmbmWv lao-
Zns‚ {]nb-sΠｴ {]hoｨ kzmansb hne-bn-cpﾘn t]mcp-∂Xv. At\z-j-WmflI ]{X-{]-hｿﾘ-\-
ﾟƒｰv amXr-I-bm-hp-Ibpw `oI-c-X-bpƒsΠ-sS-bp≈ hnj-b-ﾟ-fnｬ `c-W-Lｴ \ne-]m-Sp-I-fpsS kntdmIvkv
]Xn-Πp-Iƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-ｰm≥ apJy-[mcm tZiob am[y-a-ﾟƒ a’-cn-ｰp-tｺmƒ hmkvX-h-ﾟƒ Xnc-
™p ]nSnｮv Aｮ-Sn-ｰp-∂-Xnｬ hym]r-X-cm-hp∂ sXlｬｰ hoｰn-en-bpsS FUn-‰ｿ F‰v emｿPv APnkvXv
kmlnbpambn ]{X-{]-hｿﾘ-I\pw {]ap-J-B-Iv‰n-hn-ﾃp-amb tbmKo-μｿ knIμv \S-ﾘnb Hc-`n-apJ `mj-
W-ﾘnｬ kmln {]hoｨ kman-bpsS X\n-\ndw hy‡-am-ｰp-∂p-≠v. Hcp ]{X-{]-hｿﾘ-I≥ F∂v hnfn-
ｰm≥ Aｿl-X-bn-√mﾘ hn[w `cWIqS- `m-jy-ﾟsf ]Iｿﾘn-sbgpXpI am{X-am-Ws{X {]hoｨ kzman
sNbvXv sIm≠n-cn-ｰp-∂X.v C‚-en-P≥kv Un]mｿｴp-sa‚ns‚ "kvt]mIvkv am≥ ' F∂ hntijWw Hcp
apXnｿ∂ ]{X-{]-hｿﾘ-I≥ kzmanｰv Nmｿﾘn sImSp-ﾘXpw ]{X-{]-hｿﾘ-I-tc-ｰmƒ am[ya D]-t`m-
‡m-ｰƒ Pm{KX ]men-tｰ≠ Cu Imeﾘv Bhｿﾘn-ｰ-sΠ-tS-≠ hnh-c-ﾟ-fm-Wv.
ate-Kmhv kvt^mS-\hpw kwtPmXm FIvkv{]-knse kvt^mS-\hpw DƒsΠsS lnμp-Xz-hm-Zn-Iƒｰv
]ｶp≈ Htｴsd hｿKob lnwk-bpsS ASn-th-cp-Iƒ I≠-ﾘm≥ {ianｮ Kth-j-I-\mWv {]hoｨ kzman
F∂v laoZv Atｱ-lsﾘ hnti-jn-Πn-ｰp-∂p-≠v. ate-Km-hnsebpw kwtPmX FIvkv{]-knsebpw
kvt^mS\ﾘns‚ At\z-jWw Bcw-`n-ｮXpw Iqtd-Imew apt∂mｴv t]mbXpw hym]-I-ambn apkvenw
kwL-S-\-I-sfbpw ap…nw bphm-ｰ-sfbpw {]Xn-tNｿﾘp-sIm-≠m-b-cn-∂p. AtΠm-sgm-sｰbpw {]hoｨ
kzman-bpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ t]meo-kns‚ hnth-N\]c-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒｰv sXmc-Πmｴp ]mSp-∂-Xpam-bncp-∂
p. ate-Kmhv kvt^mS-\-ﾘns‚ At\z-jWw tlaμv ImｿｰdbpsS ssIbn-se-ﾘn-btXm-sSbmWv
]pXnb hgn-Xn-cn-hpIƒ kw`-hn-ｰp-∂-Xv. lnμp-Xz-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw , Fgp-]Xp hｿj-ﾘn-tesd
Ime-ambn ChnsS ]c-ky-ambn \ne-\n∂v t]mcp∂ lnμpXz ssk\nI kvｰpfp-Ifpw, C･y≥ ssk\n-
I-cmb Ahn-Spsﾘ ]cnioe-I≥amcpw {]Kym-knw-Kns\ t]mep≈ lnμp -a-X-{`m-･p-≈-hcpsamsｰ Cu
kvt^mS-\-ﾟ-fnｬ ]nSn-ｰ-sΠ-Sp-∂Xpw AsXm-sS-bmWv. At\z-jWw Cu hgnｰv \oﾟn-b-tXmsS
{]hoｨkzman F∂ lnμp Zn\-]-{X-ﾘns‚ dntΠmｿｴｿ au\w apdn-ｰm≥ F{X t\c-sa-Spﾘpsh∂Xv
B ]{X-ﾘns‚ hmb-\-ｰmscsbｶnepw t_m[n-Πn-tｰ-≠-Xmbvhcn-√.
PolmZv C≥ tKmUvkv Hmｨ Iｨ{Sn F∂ t]cnｬ lnμp-hnｬ tIc-f-ﾘnse Pnlm-Zn-kw-L-S-\-IfpsS
hfｿｮsb ]cm-aｿin-ｮp-sIm≠v ( lao-Zns‚ `mj-bnｬ Kth-jWw sNbvXv sIm≠v) {]hoｨkzman
kmam\yw ZoｿL-am-sbmcp teJ\w Fgp-Xn-bn-cp∂p. Akw- -‘-ﾟ-fpsS tLmj-bm-{X-bmbncp∂p
AsX∂v Z ln-μp -hns‚ hmb-\-ｰmｿ Xs∂ XpSｿ∂p≈ Znh-k-ﾘnｬ Fgp-Xnb Iﾘp-Iƒ hmbn-ｮmｬ
a\- n-emhpw. 16 mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ tIc-f-N-cn{Xw F∂ \neｰv {]mY-anI t{kmX- mbv Ncn-{X-Im-c≥amｿ
hnth-N-\-at\y D]-tbm-Kn-ｰp-∂Xpw \ΩpsS bq\n-th-gvkn-‰n-I-fnｬ ]Tn-Πn-ｰ-sΠ-Sp-∂Xpamb ssiJv
ssk\p-ｱo≥ aJvZpw c≠m-as‚ "Xplv^-ﾘpｬ apPm-ln-ｱo≥' F∂ Ad_n IrXn tIc-f-ﾘnse apkvenIsf
Pnlm-Zn\v AXn-bmbv t{]cn-Πn-ｰp-∂p-sh-∂mWv kzman-bpsS Hcp Is≠-ﾘｬ. Aﾟ-s\sb-ｶnｬ {]kvXpX
IrXn-bpsS Cw•ojv ]Xn-ΠpI-ƒｰv Ah-Xm-cnI Fgp-Xnb {]apJ amｿIvkn‰p Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am-cmb sI.-
sI.-F≥ IpdpΠpw , sI. F≥ KtWjpwsamsｰ Polm-Zns‚ hfｿｮｰv Bｰw Iqｴp-∂-h-cm-sW∂pw FgptX-≠
n-bn-cn-ｰp∂p. {]hoｨ kzmansb IW-ｰn-se-Sp-ﾘmｬ Xplv^-ﾘpｬ apPm-ln-ｱo≥ ae-bm-f-ﾘnteｰ
v `mjm-･cw sNbvX them-bp-[≥ ]Wn-ｰ-tｻ-cn-sbbpw AXv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-ｮn-cp∂ amXr-`qan
_pIvkpsamsｰ tIc-f-ﾘnse Xmen-m-\n-ﾃp-I-fm-sW∂v hnti-jn-Πn-tｰ-≠n-h-cpw.
{]hoｨ kzmanbpw Atｱ-lsﾘ B[n-Im-cnI t{kmX- mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-ｰp∂ laoZv tNμ-aw-K-
√qcpw XΩnｬ hen-sbmcp hyXymkw IqSn-bp≠.v `oI-c-Xsb kw_-‘nｮ bmｶn tﾃ‰ns‚ hymI-cW
]pkvX-I-tﾘm-SmWv {]hoｨkym-anｰv Xmｬ]cyw. AXp{]Imcw hｿﾘ-am\ temIsﾘ G‰hpw henb
`oI-c-hm-Zhpw `oI-c-hmZ Zｿi-\hpw "ke^n Ckvemw' F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn-b-sΠ-Sp-∂X.v auZq-Zn-ksa∂
pw AXn-t\mSv Xmc-X-ay-aｿln-ｰm-\m-hmﾘ hn[w teme-amW.v Xo{h-k-e^n Nn･m-[mc temI-sa-
ｺmSpw Ata-cn-ｰ≥ shdp-Πns‚ _e-ﾘnｬ Xo{h-hmZn B{I-aWw \S-ﾘn-sIm-≠n-cn-ｰp-∂-hcpw, AtX
Nn･m-[m-c-bpsS Xs∂ arZphmZnIƒ Ata-cn-ｰ-tbbpw s]t{Sm tUmf-dn-s\bpw Iman-ｰp-∂-h-cp-amWv .
c≠pw XΩn-ep≈ kmay-am-h-sｴ "ip≤ CkvemanI hmZ-'sa∂ Atﾟ-b‰w A]-I-S-I-c-amb Bi-bhpw.
hym]-I-amb kuZn ^≠ns‚ ]n≥_-e-ﾘnｬ Cu arZp ke-^n-k-ﾘns‚ Bi-b-[mc thcp-∂n-\nｬｰp∂
CS-ﾟ-fn-sem-∂mWv tIcfw. cmjv{Sob Hｮ-Πm-Sp-I-fp-≠mｰmsX tImｨ{K-kn-t\mSv Hｴn \n∂mWv Chｿ
Cｰm-e-a-{Xbpw {]hｿﾘn-ｮp-t]m-cp-∂Xv . Ahｿｰv Aﾟns\ {]hｿﾘn-ｰm\pw Ah-cpsS Bi-bsﾘ
{]N-cn-Πn-ｰm-\p≈ kzmX{･ysﾘ sX√pw \ntj-[n-ｰp∂n-√. AXp-]m-Sp-≈-Xp-a√. adnｮv Pam-Asﾘ
Ckvemanｰv t\sc-am{Xw Xncn™p\nｬｰp∂ Ah-k-c-hmZ aX-\n-c-t]-｣-X- -bpsS Imhｬｰm-c≥ laoZv
Cｰq-ｴｿｰp-t\sc au\-h-ew-n-ｰp-∂-Xnｬ Fs･-ｶnepw \nKq-V-A-P-≠-Iƒ Dt≠m F∂-kwibw kzm`mhn-
Iambpw Db-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. "ip≤Ckveman-I-hmZw' Xs∂ ]peｿﾘn-t]m-cp∂ Pam-Asﾘ Ckvemapambn
k‘n-bn-√m-k-acw sN-tｺmgpw AtX-B-i-bﾘns‚ Xo{h-hn-izm-kn-I-fmb ke^n hn`m-K-ﾟfpambn
laoZv ]e-tΠmgpw tXmfp-cpΩn \S-ｰp-∂Xpw hnti-jm-h-k-c-ﾟ-fnｬ Ah-cpsS apJym-XnYn ]ｴw
hsc Na-bvｰp-∂-Xp-amWv kwi-b-ﾘn\v tlXp.
DaｿJm-enZn , tbmKo-μｿ kn-Iμv, t]mƒ Bｿ {_mkv, dnｮmｿUv Cu‰ｨ XpS-ﾟn \nc-h[n \ma-ﾟƒ
C･y≥ apkvenIsf Ipdn-ｮp≈ hyh-lm-c-ﾘnｬ D]-tbm-K-tｰ-≠n-hcpw. lao-Zn\v {]hoｨ kzman-bnｬ
Xs∂ F√m-w Ign-bp∂psh∂Xv I-en-cn-Πns‚ IpgΠw sIm≠m-hmt\ Xc-ap≈q. Hcp ]pcp-jym-bp p
apgpsｰ auZp-Znｰv ]Tn-ｮXv sIm≠v lao-Zn\v ]e t\ｴ-ﾟfpw D≠m-bn-ImWpw. Cubp≈-h\v auZp-
Znｰpw lao-Zn\pw ]Tnｰm≥ Xmev]-cy-an√. P\m-[n-]-Xy-ﾘns‚ t]cnｬ ^yqUｬ Iev]-\-Iƒ Fgp-∂-
≈n-ｰp-tｺmƒ an≠m-Xn-cn-ｰm-\p-am-hn-√.

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